The+Middle+Ages

The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages was the middle period in a schematic division of European history into three 'ages': Classical civilization, the Middle Ages, and Modern Civilization. It is commonly considered as having lasted from the end of the Western Roman Empire (5th century) until the rise of national monarchies and the beginnings of demographic and economic renewal after the Black Death, European overseas exploration and the cultural revival known as the Renaissance around the 15th century as well as the Protestant Reformation starting 1517 when the Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, known as the 95 Theses, challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. They sparked a theological debate that would result in the birth of the Lutheran, Reformed and Anabaptist traditions within Christianity. (http://www.timelineindex.com)

Date:1-25-11 Page Title:Middle Ages
 * Source 1 || URL: **http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages**

Interviewee: Interview Date: || Date: 1-25-11 Page Title: Alchemy in the Middle Ages: Plato and the Philosopher's stone Author: Thais Campos Copyright: Oct. 19, 2009 A.B.
 * Source 2 || [[ []|

Interviewee: Interview Date: || Date:1-25-11 Page Title: Middle Ages Food- Meat
 * Source 3 || [|URL:http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-food-meat.htm]

Book Title: Author: Copyright: Publisher: Publishing City: Pages: Volume:

Interviewee: Interview Date: || Date: 1-25-11 Page Title: Alchemy Indepth: The Human Transmutation Circle Author: Cotnoir, B., & Wasserman, j. (2007). The Weiser Concise Guide to Alchemy Copyright: 2007 A.B. || Date: 1-25-11 Page Title: Medieval Jobs Author: Lise Hull Copyright: 1997-2008 A.B. || Date: 1-26-11 Page Title: What was transportation in the middle ages? Author: GeoHarvey Copyright: (none) A.B. || Date: 1-26-11 Page Title: Middle Ages Religion Autor:(doesn't say) Copyright: (doesn't say) A.B. || Date: 1-27-11 Page Title: Medieval Weapons Author: (doesn't say) Copyright: (doesn't say) A.B. || Date: 1-30-11 Page Title: Medieval Peasant Clothing Author: (doesn't say) Copyright: (doesn't say) A.B. || Date: 1-31-11 Page Title: Education in the Middle Ages Author: Oracle Education Foundation Last Updated: June 2010 A.B. || Date: 2-1-11 Page Title: The Middle Ages -- Arts and Entertainments Author: Annenberg Foundation Copyright: 2011 A.B. || Date: 2-1-11 Page Title: Guilds in the Middle Ages Author: (doesn't say) Copyright: (doesn't say) A.B. || Date: 2-7-11 Page Title: Alchemy Author: Alan G. Hefner Copyright: (there isn't one) A.B ||
 * Source 4 || URL: http://rurushu.wordpress.com/2010/09/02/alchemy-indepth-the-human-transmutation-circle/
 * Source 5 || URL: http://www.castles-of-britain.com/castle32.htm
 * Source 6 || URL: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_transport_in_the_middle_ages
 * Source 7 || URL: http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-religion.htm
 * Source 8 || URL: http://www.castles.me.uk/medieval-weapons.htm
 * Source 9 || URL: http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/medieval-peasant-clothing.htm
 * Source 10 || URL: http://library.thinkquest.org/6105/Education.html
 * Source 11 || URL: []
 * Source 12 || URL: []
 * Source 13 || URL:http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/a/alchemy.htm

- knights wore this when they were ready for battle - peasants clothing for men consisted of: a blouse of cloth or skin fastened by a leather belt around the waist, an overcoat or mantle of thick woolen material, shoes or large boots, and short woolen trousers -kings usually wore long robes made of furs and other exotic materials as well as tights and a crown(emily) -most commoners wore clothing made of wool, as well as undergarments made of linens (emily) -longer jacket lengths were a sign of greater wealth (emily) -women wore flowing gowns and elaborate headwear, sometimes shaped like hearts or butterflies.(emily) || - routes along rivers and the sea used quite often for trade and because it was quicker than land -roads no more than dirt tracks that turn to mud in the winter(emily) -men traveled on horse back if they could afford a horse, and ladies traveled in wagons covered in painted cloth(EG) -a horseman could only travel 50-60 kilometers a day(EG) -goods carried by packhorses or peasants pulled along two wheel carts full of hay and straw. (EG) -preferred traveling by water, because it was faster and cheaper(EG) -main ship was the cog, a boat with only one sail(EG) || - girls were not taught to read or wright unless if they went to one of the few organized schools for women or if they were taught at home. || - there were four steps in it: - alchemy was used for transmutations and turning diff. types of metal to gold - human transmutation circle (below)
 * **Source** || **Topics** ||
 * || **Clothing** ||
 * || - nobles wore brighter colors and higher grade materials (emily)
 * || - nobles wore brighter colors and higher grade materials (emily)
 * || **Transportation** ||
 * || - horses, donkeys, oxen(with or without a cart), or walking: on land
 * || **Common Jobs** ||
 * || * **Almoners:** ensured the poor received alms.
 * **Atilliator:** skilled castle worker who made crossbows.
 * **Baliff:** in charge of allotting jobs to the peasants, building repair, and repair of tools used by the peasants.
 * **Barber:** someone who cut hair. Also served as dentists, surgeons and blood-letters.
 * **Blacksmith:** forged and sharpened tools and weapons, beat out dents in armor, made hinges for doors, and window grills. Also referred to as Smiths.
 * **Bottler:** in charge of the buttery or bottlery.
 * **Butler:** cared for the cellar and was in charge of large butts and little butts (bottles) of wine and beer. Under him a staff of people might consist of brewers, tapsters, cellarers, dispensers, cupbearers and dapifer.
 * **Carder:** someone who brushed cloth during its manufacture.
 * **Carpenter:** built flooring, roofing, siege engines, furniture, panelling for rooms, and scaffoling for building.
 * **Carters:** workmen who brought wood and stone to the site of a castle under construction.
 * **Castellan:** resident owner or person in charge of a castle (custodian).
 * **Chamberlain:** responsible for the great chamber and for the personal finances of the castellan.
 * **Chaplain:** provided spirtual welfare for laborers and the castle garrison. The duties might also include supervising building operations, clerk, and keeping accounts. He also tended to the chapel.
 * **Clerk:** a person who checked material costs, wages, and kept accounts.
 * **Constable:** a person who took care (the governor or warden) of a castle in the absence of the owner. This was sometimes bestowed upon a great baron as an honor and some royal castles had hereditary constables.
 * **Cook:** roasted, broiled, and baked food in the fireplaces and ovens.
 * **Cottars:** the lowest of the peasantry. Worked as swine-herds, prison guards, and did odd jobs.
 * **Ditcher:** worker who dug moats, vaults, foundations and mines.
 * **Dyer:** someone who dyed cloth in huge heated vats during its manufacture.
 * **Ewerer:** worker who brought and heated water for the nobles.
 * **Falconer:** highly skilled expert responsible for the care and training of hawks for the sport of falconry.
 * **Fuller:** worker who shrinks & thickens cloth fibers through wetting & beating the material.
 * **Glaziers:** a person who cut and shaped glass.
 * **Gong Farmer:** a latrine pit emptier.
 * **Hayward:** someone who tended the hedges.
 * **Herald:** knights assistant and an expert advisor on heraldry.
 * **Keeper of the Wardrobe:** in charge of the tailors and laundress.
 * **Knight:** a professional soldier. This was achieved only after long and arduous training which began in infancy.
 * **Laird:** minor baron or small landlord.
 * **Marshal:** officer in charge of a household's horses, carts, wagons, and containers. His staff included farriers, grooms, carters, smiths and clerks. He also oversaw the transporting of goods.
 * **Master Mason:** responsible for the designing and overseeing the building of a structure.
 * **Messengers:** servants of the lord who carried receipts, letters, and commodities.
 * **Miner:** skilled professional who dug tunnels for the purpose of undermining a castle.
 * **Minstrels:** part of of the castle staff who provided entertainment in the form of singing and playing musical instruments.
 * **Porter:** took care of the doors (janitor), particularly the main entrance. Responsible for the guardrooms. The person also insured that no one entered or left the castle withour permission. Also known as the door-ward.
 * **Reeve:** supervised the work on lord's property. He checked that everyone began and stopped work on time, and insured nothing was stolen. Senior officer of a borough.
 * **Sapper:** an unskilled person who dug a mine or approach tunnel.
 * **Scullions:** responsible for washing and cleaning in the kitchen.
 * **Shearmen:** a person who trimmed the cloth during its manufacture.
 * **Shoemaker:** a craftsman who made shoes. Known also as Cordwainers.
 * **Spinster:** a name given to a woman who earned her living spinning yarn. Later this was expanded and any unmarried woman was called a spinster.
 * **Steward:** took care of the estate and domestic administration. Supervised the household and events in the great hall. Also referred to as a Seneschal.
 * **Squire:** attained at the age of 14 while training as a knight. He would be assigned to a knight to carry and care for the weapons and horse.
 * **Watchmen:** an official at the castle responsible for security. Assited by lookouts (the garrison).
 * **Weaver:** someone who cleaned and compacted cloth, in association with the Walker and Fuller.
 * **Woodworkers:** tradesmen called Board-hewers who worked in the forest, producing joists and beams. ||
 * || **Education** ||
 * || - almost all boys were taught how to write and read usually at what they would call a cathedral schools. There they would learn Latin grammar, astronomy, music, geometry, logic, arithmetic, and rhetoric (persuasion)
 * || **Medical Science** ||
 * || - Alchemy was the science of the middle ages
 * //Nigredo (blackening)// – Dissolution and corruption, when the substance was completely dissolved and burned;
 * //Albedo (whitening) –// Purification, when all the impurities were burned out;
 * //Citritas (yellowning) – E//nlightenment, when chemical weddings took place generating the philosophical mercury, from which the philosopher’s stone would derive, and;
 * //Rubedo (reddening) –// When the new substance finally reached its ideal form in the physical world mirroring the perfect form that exists in the real world.

- ingredients for human transmutation: (1) Sulphur, (2) Mercury, (3) Salt- the three primes for alchemy (4) Silver, (5) Tin, (6) Gold, (7) Lead, (8) Copper, (9) Iron- without these last 6 ingredients it is impossible (in theory) to make a successful human transmutation and even when done right things can go wrong

-The Three Main Ingredients to Alchemy- Sulphur: stands for the unctuousness of a substance, and it refers to the soul Mercury: stands for the volatility of an object, and it denotes the spirit Salt: refers to solidity, and it stands for the body

-Six of the Seven Planetary Metals (used in a human transmutation) Silver: refers to the memory, the subconscious, and the emotions of the human being Tin: refers to moral values, philosophy, and the abstract mind. In alchemy, this metal stands for the Arteries, hips, thighs, feet and liver Gold: refers to vitality, authority, and individuality of a person, stands for the heart, the back, the spinal cord, and the right side of a person Lead: signifies discipline & responsibility, and it stands for bones, joints, knees, skin & teeth Copper: refers to beauty and the ability to give affection & love, while it represents the neck, kidneys, ovaries, and veins Iron: signifies desire, energy & drive, it represents the head, the muscles and the sex organs (if any of these materials are not used //**or**// used wrongly the final result will **//no////t//** be human)

- many alchemists were thought as people who wanted to get rich quick, however most just wanted to practice there art and get better at it: there were frauds though too || Johan Gutenburg- the inventor of the art of printing with movable types Joan of Arc- famous for rousing the French against the English during the Hundred Years War Kublai Kahn- a monarch that was good friends with Marco Polo, as well as introducing paper money to china Robin Hood- assumed by many to be a strory and a legend, Robin Hood took money from the rich and spoiled to give to the poor, and was considered a bandit by much of the government. He lived in the "Sherwood Forest" along with his crew of "Merry Men," and their moto was: Rob the rich to pay the poor. Donatello- an artist, one of the first to create a nude statue, and created the technique of spacial depth. || swan, heron, and poultry WHEN SERVED-by emily -breakfast was usually served in the early morning from about 6AM-7AM(eg) -dinner, know known as lunch was usually served from around 12PM-2PM(eg) -supper, or our dinner, was usually served at about 6PM-7PM mostly accompanied with some sort of entertainment for the rich.(eg) FOOD FOR THE UPPER CLASSES-emily -vegetables limited for the upper classes(eg) -only lords and nobles alowed to hunt deer, boars, hares, and rabbits(EG) -Because food from the ground was considered lowly and for peasants, the only vegetables that upper classes ate were things like onions, garlic, and leeks(EG) -ate a bread called Manchet, made of wheat flour(EG) -spices used: pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, ginger, saffron, cardamom, coriander, cumen, garlic, termeric, mace, anise, caraway, and mustard.(EG) FOOD FOR THE LOWER CLASSES-emily -meats:beef, pork, and lamb(EG) -breads: rye and barley(EG) -dairy products like milk and cheese(EG) -ate a lot of a special stew called pottage(EG) || - drama became popular around the eleventh centery and many of the plays were on the old testament, the acts started out right outside the church and later moved to the marketplace wear they were done by various local guilds || HOMES OF THE POOR -most homes damp, dark, and cold(EG) -sometimes it was warmer and lighter outside than in(EG) -windows were small openings with wooden shutters(EG) - small size of the windows let the people see out, but not let anyone see in(EG) -thatched roofs, easily destroyed(EG) -very small(EG) HOMES OF THE WEALTHY -homes for the rich had paved floors, sometimes decorated with tiles(EG) -tapestries hung on the walls,creating an extra layer of warmth(eg) -nice windows were covered in a cloth that allowed in light and kept out drafts(eg) - only the very rich could afford glass windows, so mostly just churches and royalty had them(EG) || - every ones life was dominated by the church whether you were a peasant or a king || - three phases to becoming an elite guild member: apprentice, journeyman, & master - the law "femme sole" allowed women to trade and join guilds; that way widows could carry on there husbands work - whole familyies are usaly in a guild - names of a few medieval London guilds--
 * || **Places of Interest** ||
 * || **Famous People and Their Contributions** ||
 * || Marco Polo- explored many different areas, including much of China, as well as escorting the emporers daughter to Persia, then writing two inspiring books.
 * || Marco Polo- explored many different areas, including much of China, as well as escorting the emporers daughter to Persia, then writing two inspiring books.
 * || **In the News** ||
 * || **Food** ||
 * || vension,beef, pork, veal, goat, lamb, rabbit, hare, mutton,
 * || vension,beef, pork, veal, goat, lamb, rabbit, hare, mutton,
 * || **Pastimes** ||
 * || - music and the arts were an esstintal part of life in the middle ages, monks would sing mass in church every day
 * || **Housing** ||
 * || - peasants rarely had a house with more than two rooms
 * || **Family Life** ||
 * || **Religion** ||
 * || - the only recognized religion was Christianity in the form of the Catholic Church
 * || - the only recognized religion was Christianity in the form of the Catholic Church
 * || **Weapons** ||
 * || ** Weapons - The Broadsword
 * The Falchion
 * Weapons - The Bastardsword
 * The Cutting sword
 * Weapons - The Greatsword
 * Weapons - The Battle Axe - A variety single and double-handed axe were in use throughout the Medieval period
 * Weapons - The Mace - The Medieval mace was an armor-fighting weapon. The Mace developed from a steel ball on a wooden handle, to an elaborately spiked steel war club
 * Weapons - The Dagger including the Basilard, a two-edged, long bladed dagger of the late Middle Ages
 * Weapons - The Medieval Lance - A long, strong, spear-like weapon. Designed for use on horseback
 * Arbalest - This is the correct term for a Medieval Crossbow
 * Axe - Single and double-handed battle axes
 * Basilard - A two-edged, long bladed dagger
 * Bill - A polearm with a wide cutting blade occasionally with spikes and hooks
 * Billhook - Capable of killing Knights and their horses
 * Medieval Bow and Arrow - the most common of all weapons
 * Caltrop: Sharp spikes on 12 - 18 feet poles used, in formation, to maim a horse
 * Crossbow - The crossbow range was 350 – 400 yards but could only be shot at a rate of 2 bolts per minute
 * Dagger - A short pointed knife coonly used as weapons
 * Flail - A jointed weapon consisting of a spiked or knobbed steel head joined by a chain to a short wood handle
 * Glaive - A broad-bladed, single-edged polearm similar to a long butchers knife on a 6 foot pole
 * Hache - An axe shaped cutting blade on one side and a small hammer head on the other on a 6 foot pole
 * Halberd - A broad, short axe blade on a 6 foot pole with a spear point at the top with a back spike
 * Hammer - Side-arm for combating armor pointed head
 * Longbow - The Longbow could pierce armour at ranges of more than 250 yards - a longbowman could release between 10 - 12 arrows per minute
 * Mace - The Medieval mace was an armor-fighting weapon. The Mace developed from a steel ball on a wooden handle, to an elaborately spiked steel war club
 * Pike - A long spear measuring 18 feet
 * Poleaxe - Polearm - Polehammer - Bec de Corbin - Bec de Faucon - A group of pole-mounted weapons. Were all variations of poles measuring 6 feet long with different 'heads' - spikes, hammers, axe etc
 * Quarterstaff - A long, thick pole measuring between 6 - 9 feet
 * Spear - Used for thrusting
 * Warhammer - A hammer head on one side and a spike on the other ||
 * || **Guilds** ||
 * || - there were two main guilds: Merchant Guilds and Crafts Guilds
 * **Apothecaries**
 * **Armourers & Brasiers (armour-makers and workers in brass)**
 * **Bakers**
 * **Barbers (also surgeons and dentists)**
 * **Basketmakers**
 * **Blacksmiths**
 * **Bowyers (longbow makers)**
 * **Brewers**
 * **Broderers (embroiderers)**
 * **Butchers**
 * **Carpenters**
 * **Chandlers (candle makers)**
 * **Clothworkers**
 * **Cordwainers (workers in fine leather)**
 * **Curriers (dressers of tanned leather)**
 * **Cutlers**
 * **Dyers**
 * **Farriers (shoers of horses)**
 * **Fishmongers**
 * **Fletchers (arrow makers)**
 * **Girdlers (girdles and belts as clothing)**
 * **Goldsmiths**
 * **Loriners (stirrups and other harness for horses)**
 * **Masons**
 * **Mercers (general merchants)**
 * **Needlemakers**
 * **Pattenmakers (makers of wooden clog-style footwear)**
 * **Plaisterers (plasterers)**
 * **Plumbers**
 * **Poulters**
 * **Saddlers**
 * **Salters**
 * **Scriveners (writers of court letters and legal documents)**
 * **Skinners**
 * **Tallow chandlers (Candle makers)**
 * **Upholders (upholsterers)**
 * **Vintners**
 * **Wax Chandlers ( candle makers)**
 * **Weavers**
 * **Wheelwrights**
 * **Woolmen (winders and packers of wool)** ||